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Teacher Training Workshop Abstract-1 Teaching Korean Grammar in Context: Teaching of –myen and –ttay Sahie Kang Defense Language Institute
Foreign Language Center
–myen and –ttay are chosen because
American students often misunderstand the usages of these two grammar
points. Traditionally these
two grammar points were introduced by the translations, “if”
for –myen and
“when/while” for –ttay. Without any pragmatic explanation,
students often become confused with their various functions and misuse one
of them in the place of the other.
Obviously their functions overlap in some situations but not all
the time. Also their
functions parallel their English counterparts sometimes, but not all the
time. This means that
students would make errors unless different pragmatic functions of these
two forms are taught. This workshop will offer the audience a rationale and practical ideas for teaching grammar not in isolation but in context, so students can actually communicate with native speakers by using appropriate grammar patterns in different kinds of functional situations. To lay the groundwork
for a more effective approach, the workshop will address the teaching of
grammar from the perspective of adult learning theory. Then, the presenter will walk
the audience through two ways of teaching: the deductive approach and
inductive approach, which are given in a detailed step-by-step description
below. All tasks and related
authentic materials will be provided. A. Deductive Way 1.The different functions
of two grammar points will be explained in English first.
2.The two grammar points
will be presented within a context of real language usage, i.e.
conversation or passage.
Then, students practice patterns according to different pragmatic
functions. 3. Students engage in
real life tasks with four-skill (reading, listening, speaking, and
writing) integration where all different pragmatic functions are involved.
4. Students do different
role-plays in which different pragmatic functions can be used. B. Inductive Way 1.The two grammar points
will be presented within authentic writing or speaking, which includes
different functions of the two grammar points. 2. Students induct the
pragmatic functions of grammar points, and they come up with some
pragmatic rules in their own language (English). 3. Students engage in
real life tasks with four-skill integration where all different pragmatic
functions are involved. 4. Students do different
role-plays in which different pragmatic functions can be used. Decades of research have suggested that grammar taught in isolation has little, if any, effect on most students' learning for target language proficiency. Also, at DLI, experienced students who seemingly mastered grammar points often had difficulties in using proper grammar points in proper situations, in communicating with native speakers, or in understanding them. With the new curriculum, which has been implemented since 1997 at DLI, the method of teaching grammar in context with various grammar points has been successfully implemented and taught. It has been well received by students because it allows students to function in real life situations, and it elevates students’ motivation level. Rather than giving tedious grammar instruction, instructors help students to function in the target language. Above all, the method has raised students’ speaking proficiency levels significantly for the last 4 years. Abstract-2 Lesson on the -umyen Construction Soohee Kim University of Washington In this workshop, I will
demonstrate a teaching method I have been using in the classroom to teach
non-heritage (absolute novice) learners of Korean. I have chosen 으면 and
을
때 as
target constructions for two reasons. One, their English translation (if and
when, respectively) does not always correspond to the Korean
으면 or
을
때 (i.e.,
usage difference), and two, each of these constructions involve some
idiomatic expressions that may be yet another source of confusion. In this workshop, I will try to
clarify the different use of the two constructions. In actuality, the two
constructions 으면 and
을
때 should
be introduced in two separate lessons as learners have trouble learning
similar constructions that are introduced back to back. Below, I present a lesson plan for
the 으면
construction, which involves increasing complexity of the exercise and
decreasing dependency on the teacher. Vocabulary used in the lesson is
adopted from Integrated Korean Beginning II (University of Hawai’i
Press). ①
Introduction:
Write [grammar point: 으면 =
if/when] on the board. (Students should already have read this grammar
explanation at home). ②
Basic
Form Practice (a) To
familiarize students with conjugation, after introducing a few model
examples, present dictionary form and have the students conjugate them in
으면 form
(oral only). Regular
Verb/Adjective
C-ending: 먹,
읽,
닫,
입,
좋,
싫,
앉 V-ending:
가,
크,
마시,
예쁘,
배고프,
쓰,
비싸
ㄹ-ending:
알,
살,
길 Irregular
Verb/Adjective
ㄷ-듣,
걷
/ ㅂ-춥,
덥
/ㅎ-하얗 (b) Give
a practice slip to students for simple conjugation exercise. The slip
should have more regular and irregular verbs and adjectives in their
citation form (written). ③ Context
practice: After introducing a few model examples, invite students to
answer the teacher’s question or complete the unfinished sentence the
teacher presents. · 배가
고프면
피자를
먹어요. · __________
새
신발을
사세요.
(Prompt students with a quiet “언제?”) · __________
공부하세요. / __________ 주스
마시세요. ④
Assigning tasks: Students should be able to use the new construction in
relevant situations. Hand out slips with various situations. · 어떻게
하겠어요?
Ask your partner what they would do if… · ex: 우산이
없는데
비가
오면
어떻게
하겠어요? · you
haven’t taken a shower and your friend comes to your house · your
car breaks down on the way to school · you
have no money but you’re hungry ⑤
Closure: Ask a pair of students to demonstrate their question and answer
for the rest of the class. ⑥ Assign
translation homework for review practice
으면 as a
sentential subject may be introduced as an independent lesson in the
future. ex.
한
학기에
5과목
들으면
너무
많지
않아요?
Isn’t it too much to take 5 classes per quarter? The
을
때 lesson
has a similar structure; in the 을
때 lesson,
which should come after, emphasis should be placed on 때
involving
a more general time frame, whereas 으면
involves specific and individualized incidents. 머리가
아플
때
보통
무슨
약
먹어요? vs. 머리가
아프면
약
드세요. Abstract-3
Abstract-4 USING
FOCUS ON FORM IN
TEACHING KOREAN RELATIVE CLAUSES Young-Geun Lee
Dept
of East Asian Languages & Literatures
University
of Hawaii at Manoa
In this paper, I will present ‘Focus on form’ as a methodological
principle that I would employ in teaching relative clauses in L2
Korean. 1.
The target of the
focus on form should arise incidentally in the otherwise content-based
lesson. 2.
The primary or
“overriding” focus should remain on meaning or communication. 3.
The teacher should
draw students’ attention to form rather than leaving it to chance that
students will notice linguistic features without any pedagogic assistance.
It should be noted
then that (1) the target forms, i.e., relative clauses, should arise
incidentally in the context of communication; (2) students should be
developmentally ready to learn relative clauses; and (3) a teacher should
notice students making errors that are systematic, pervasive and
remediable. In addition, whenever errors are made, appropriate types of
pedagogical interventions, e.g., recast, are to be made to draw students’
attention to the relative clause in question. Assuming these conditions
are met, we could design some tasks in which use of the relative clause is
required to complete the task. Here, I will focus only on the modifier ‘V
+ -nun’, which is the present tense for verbs. The other forms of relative
clauses can also be dealt with in similar ways. To illustrate,
students are grouped in pairs and each member of the pair is given the
same picture of a group of people, but only half of the people’s names are
given in one picture and the other half in the other. Students are
required to find out the missing names by asking each other, e.g., “Who is
the person riding a bicycle?” or “The person who wears glasses is Mrs.
Steve.” In doing so, they are called upon using the target form, i.e.,
relative clause. Teacher may demonstrate with one representative student
before they begin. During the activity,
the teacher may move around the room, and whenever a student or students
make(s) an error in relative clauses, the teacher can employ various types
of focus on form techniques, e.g., repeating the error with rising
intonation to draw students’ attention to the form (focused recast) or
requesting clarification, e.g., “the person who …?” or ., simply providing
the correct form without interrupting interaction (recast), or briefly
interrupting the communication and then writing the rules on the board to
draw the students’ attention. Similarly, students
can bring their family photo and describe the people in the picture. The
activities described above can be preceded by listening tasks during which
students are asked to identify the people who are doing different
activities in the picture. There are, of course, other types of focus on
form we can use. For instance, in reading materials, all the relative
clauses can be highlighted or underlined or bold-typed (input enhancement)
to make them more salient. (i) Years of teaching
Korean:
15 years (ii) Relative clauses
in L2 Korean are among the most difficult, yet essential, areas to cover
in the Korean language pedagogy. (iii) Recently, the
benefits of ‘focus on form’, which connects grammatical form to meaning
during primarily communicative tasks, has been widely known in classroom
second language acquisition research (see, e.g., Doughty and Williams,
1998c). Here are the
step-by-step procedures for FonF I will be taking during the
demonstration: Describing a person or a thing among
many others in a picture Note: 1. The entire lessons will take
more than a couple of days.
2. Various types of FonF techniques are given in *italics* (Italics
cannot be displayed here, so
** before and after the word are used.) Step 1 Teacher explains that today's lesson
is on how to describe a person among many others. Teacher then tells students to listen
carefully to the three sample narratives, tape-recorded
by NSs explaining pictures of their
family members or friends. Play the tape through twice. The point is to
help students to get feel, but not to understand everything.
Step 2
Teacher displays a series of three
simple pictures on the OHP, one at a time. The teacher then reads out
picture descriptions fragments, e.g., 4 for each picture, twice each at
first, and students guess who or what the person or the thing is (*Input
flood*). The teacher
then repeats that description twice stressing the relative clause in
question and pointing his/her finger on the OHP or using gestures. This is
to draw students' attention to the target form (*Input enhancement*).
Sample items
(bold type in ^stress^): 1. Ankyeng.ul ^ssun^ salam.i ce
tongsayng.i.yey.yo (among 4 people). 2. Chayksang.wuy.ey ^iss.nun^ wusan.i
ce wusan.i.yey.yo (among 4 things). Step 3
Teacher displays a series of three new
simple pictures on the OHP, one at a time. Same procedures as for Step 2, except that
this time, after each one, the teacher will ask the class,
gradually shifting to individual
students, a question after each one, e.g., Who is Minji?
Step 4
Divide the students into a pair. Each
member of the pair is given a copy of one version of the
picture, which has 4 names out of 8
people plus the descriptions of the 4 people. One of the
pair then reads out the description of
one person, while the other member identifies it in the his/her version of
the same picture, which does not have the person's name on it. Then
reverse the giver and receiver roles for the second item, and so on. In
the written description, all of the relativizers are printed in bold types
(*Input enhancement* in written mode). The teacher demonstrates the
procedure first with one of the students. Students do
the same thing with the different picture, except that this time, there is
no description printed in the picture. So, they have to describe 4 people
in the picture while the other member of each pair identifies the
pictures. Tell students to ask the other member comprehension questions or
confirmation checks whenever necessary, e.g., 'ankyeng ssun salam.i.yo?'
During the pair activity, the teacher moves around the room and monitors
students. Whenever (a)
student(s) make(s) an error on the relativization, the teacher treats the
error through different types of negative feedback depending on the
context, which might include: (1) giving the correct forms, i.e., relative
clause, with or without stress without interrupting the interaction
between students ((*Focused*) *Recast*), (2) drawing the student's
attention to the target form either by asking, ?'nwugwuyo?' or by simply
repeating the error, e.g., 'moca.lul sse..?', or (3) briefly interrupting
the class and writing/explaining the rule of relativization on the board.
The point is that whenever (a) student(s) make(s) an error, the teacher
draws his/her/their attention to the target form by providing negative
feedback, implicit or explicit, on the individual basis or as a whole
class. Step 5
Students are
told to bring to class their family or friends picture and describe the
people or the things in the picture, one by one. REFERENCES
Doughty,
C., & Varela, E. (1998). Communicative focus on form. In D. C. &
J. Williams (Eds.), Doughty,
C., & Williams, J. (1998a).
Issues and terminology. In C. Doughty & J. Williams Doughty,
C., & Williams, J. (1998b).
Pedagogical choices in focus in form. In C. Doughty & J. Doughty,
C., & Williams,
J. (Eds.). (1998c).
Focus on form in classroom second language Long,
M. H. (1991). Focus on form: A design feature in language teaching
methodology. In K. Long,
M. H. (1998). Focus on form in task-based language teaching, University
of Hawaii Long,
M. H., & Robinson, P. (1998). Focus on form: Theory, research and
practice. In C. Abstract-5 Vocabulary-building Activities
Bo Y. Park Defense Language Institute Foreign Language Center Through interaction with participants, the presenter will demonstrate four Sino-Korean vocabulary activities for American students who are learning Korean. These activities are designed to be beneficial for students’ long-term memory and improving students’ performance in practical situation. The first activity is to write the English meanings of ten two-syllable Sino-Korean words written in Korean, related to military, after knowing the meaning of one Sino-Korean syllable, which denotes “military.” The students will be given the meanings of the ten secondary Sino-Korean syllables. The second activities is to write the English meanings of ten two-syllable Sino-Korean words written in Korean, related to electricity, after knowing the meaning of one Sino-Korean syllable, which indicates “electricity.” The students will be given the meanings of the ten secondary Sino-Korean syllables as in the first activity. After each of the two above-mentioned activities, the presenter will demonstrate how the knowledge gained through the activity is useful, using the authentic materials (Korean newspaper and magazine articles.) The third activity is the reverse of the first and second activities. The purpose of this activity is to write the meanings of ten English words in Korean after looking at the meanings of seven individual Sino-Korean syllables. The seven Sino-Korean syllables are written in Korean followed Chinese characters in parentheses. The fourth activity is a variation of the second activity. It is to write the English meanings of the ten two-syllable Sino-Korean words, which have secondary syllables that do not mean electricity, blacked out. Students are supposed to write the meanings of the ten Sino-Korean words after knowing the meaning of the one primary Sino-Korean syllable and those of the ten secondary Sino-Korean syllables. This session will contribute to the field of teaching Korean as follows: First, it will present the importance of vocabulary activities, based on morphological analysis, which illuminate the meaning of the Sino-Korean vocabulary. Second, it will lead participants to gain a hands-on knowledge of how to do the analysis and how to increase the students’ knowledge of the Sino-Korean words through vocabulary activities in context. Abstract-6 Workshop
Demonstration – Teaching of Specific Grammar Points Craig Merrill UCLA/Los Angeles Unified School District I have been teaching Korean in the Los Angeles Unified
School District for twelve years.
I have taught Korean in a modified bilingual program, a pullout
program, and in the Korean/English Dual Language Program. I have taught using a variety of
techniques including grammar based, content based, communicative, and
natural approaches. I have
used these techniques individually and in combination with one
another. My experience and research in the area of language
education indicates that an eclectic approach in the classroom has greater
potential for success.
Language learners are able to integrate knowledge and information
to varying degrees in a variety of different ways. Some will develop language
proficiency through kinesthetic and sensory activities, some through
auditory experience, and others perhaps through the purely
theoretical. Meeting the
needs of all these students requires use of multiple techniques. The presentation will demonstrate the teaching of
specific grammar points, namely the appropriate uses of kata and
ota in Korean. The
teaching of kata and ota will entail instruction utilizing
the various modalities, individually and in conjunction with each
other. The entirety of the
presentation stresses the absolute importance of a multi-faceted approach
and how such an approach can be applied to the teaching of a specific
grammatical point. The presentation will begin with a description of the presenter’s background, the importance of addressing multiple modalities, and a brief introduction of each of the modalities, properly defining its role and application in language acquisition. The definition of the terms will be followed by concrete instructional examples as described in the following outline. The order of the presentation generally conforms to that occurring in the Korean/English Dual Language Program, and for that matter, in most dual language programs. The presentation will also demonstrate how instruction to each of the modalities reinforces instruction in other areas as well. Presentation II. Introduction B. Personal background C. Importance of addressing multiple modalities D. Definition of Terms III. Demonstration B. Aural Structured activities to provide various listening activities. C. Oral Structured activities to support speech production with the teacher, other students, singing songs, etc. D. Visual Visual activities include viewing of movies, diagrams, overhead, posters E. Kinesthetic Using motion to reinforce learning F. Tactile Use of model representations to facilitate conceptualization G. Grammar Based Utilizing linguistic descriptions, grammaticalization, and techniques such as conversation analysis. IV. Conclusion B. Approaches A through F have been used successfully in dual language and language immersion programs successfully for the past 20 years. This is supported by researchers such as Collier, Thomas, Cummins, Genesee, and Krashen C. Recently, Cummins (1999) proposed a grammar-based methodology be added to supplement the multi-faceted approach already in use in such programs. D. The suggestion that a grammar-based component be included supports the notion that learning does in fact take place under a variety of conditions.
CONFERENCE Abstract-1 Developing a business
Korean course based on a systematic approach Andrew Sangpil
Byon The University of
Michigan at Ann Arbor The topic of this
research is related to ‘new development in curriculum designing and its
applicability to Korean.’ Abstract-2 Increasing Korean Oral Fluency Using
an Electronic Bulletin Board and Wimba-Based Voice Chat Sunah Park Cho and Stephen Carey University of British Columbia e-mail: sunah@interchange.ubc.ca The websites for Korean 102, 104, 200, 300 also incorporate an asynchronous Bulletin Board and an asynchronous voice forum called Wimba. The Bulletin Board is a threaded discussion forum that allows students to participate in discreet course-related topics any time from any place. Wimba is the first program developed to create voice message boards. It uses a free-to-install Java Applet, which runs in Internet Explorer, Netscape and AOL browsers. A user can hear messages and record his or her own voice at any time. This paper will analyze the discourse of the Bulletin Board to demonstrate improvement in students' reading and writing skills, and show how UBC's Korean courses and associated websites use Wimba to improve students' listening and speaking skills. Based on a detailed questionnaire that was administered to all students and a complete analysis of the Bulletin Board postings, the authors can demonstrate the following benefits to students from participation in the WebCT Bulletin Board 1) Computer Literacy (Internet Access) 2) Activity-based Discourse (Building Reading and Writing Skills) 3) Collaborative Learning (Building a Sense of Community). The benefits gained from using Wimba-based voice chat in the course websites can be summarized as follows: 1) Convenience 2) Increased Accuracy and Fluency in Listening and Speaking 3) Relief From Oral Exam Anxiety In particular, this paper focuses on the progress of students in Korean 104, a course taught directly by the author over the past two semesters. This paper seeks to illustrate how language teachers can apply and implement technology as a supplement to in-class course work in order to help students learn more effectively the target language and course content. Abstract-3 SUNY at Buffalo Interactive online exercises have two distinct features from traditional paper-and-pencil exercises: they are ‘interactive’ and available ‘online’. They are interactive in that their answers are automatically corrected (possibly with explanations) on the spot: students need not wait till the teacher corrects and returns them back. They are available online so that students can practice repeatedly at the time and place of their choice without any pressure or intimidation from their peers or the teacher, which non-heritage students are often faced with in a classroom environment. In other words, interactive online exercises can provide both anonymity and continuing feedback to those who need additional help and encouragement. We have developed 125 online exercises based on the textbooks for the four first- and second-year courses (KOR101, 102, 201, 202). The exercises are listed on the online syllabus for each course along with the course schedule so that students know which exercises to do and when to do them. The exercises are also cross-listed according to the type, i.e., 1) new words and expressions, 2) grammar/pattern drills, 3) conversation drills, and 4) reading comprehension. So, a student of 201, for example, can visit the grammar drill section and practice an old piece of grammar (e.g., subject particles) that she/he learned in 101. We started having these exercises available in Fall 2000 and recommended, but not required, the students to do them as addition sources of practice. Then we kept a close track of the online activities by the students of 201. KOR201 has traditionally been a critical course to non-heritage learners where the number of them drops drastically (approximately 30-40% to 15% in 2000) and even the survivors have a very difficult time.
To summarize the result, which was shown in the table above, 60% of the registered students did the exercises regularly, namely, at least once per lesson. Interestingly, the top 15% who did the most of the exercises (80% of them) were all non-heritage students. Through personal communications, they all reported that these online exercises were highly helpful in improving their language skills, getting them better scores in the tests and hence better grades in class, and most of all, building self-confidence. Also, they are fun to do. Of course, this result is only preliminary, based on a one-semester observation. However, it shows a strong potential of the online exercises as a supplementary tool and material to the classroom activities that have limitations in equally serving different groups of learners. Another advantage of the online exercises is that they can easily be coupled by audio files, which then can provide a crucial assistance to non-heritage learners, who usually fall behind in their listening skills. Abstract-4 InJung
Cho Monash
University Like other languages, the Korean language has adopted many words from English, and the number of the loanwords has greatly increased as a result of accelerated global communication in the Internet era. English loanwords in Korean have the potential of helping English speaking learners to quickly expand the size of their Korean vocabulary. That is, native knowledge of English can give learners a built-in lexicon of many of the high frequency words in Korean such as 버스(bus), 아이스크림(ice cream), 커피(coffee), 뉴스(news), 세미나(seminar), 리포트(report), 스커트(skirt). (1)
learners should be encouraged to employ more effective ways to improve
their acquisition of Korean vocabulary by using the loanwords and;
(2) Korean learning materials should employ a different font for loanwords.
Abstract-5
Culture in Language vs. Language in Culture Sungdai
Cho SUNY
at Binghamton sundy@binghamton.edu References Atkins, D. 2000. TESOL and Culture. TESOL Quarterly 33:625-654. Brown, H. 1994. Teaching by Principles: An Interactive Approach to Language Pedagogy. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice Hall Regents. Cho, Sungdai. 2001. Korean Language in Culture and Society. In Ho-min Sohn (eds.). Chapter 4. Salient Features of Korean. University of Hawaii Press. Jordan, Eleanor H. and A. Ronald Walton. 1987. “Truly Foreign Language: Instructional Challenges” PP 110-124. Richard Lambert ed. The Annals of the American Academy of political and Social Science: Foreign Language a National Agenda. Sage Publications: Beverly Hills, CA. Hammerly, Hector. 1982. Synthesis in Second Language Learning. Second Language Publication: Blaine, Washington. Holliday, A. 1994. Appropriate Methodology in Social Context. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. Hinkel, E. 1999. Culture in Second Language Teaching and Learning. New York, NY:Cambridge University Press. Kubota, R. 1999. Japanese Culture Constructed by Discourses: Implication for Applied Linguistics research and ELT. TESOL Quarterly 33:9-35. Seelye, H. Ned. 1985 Teaching Culture. Lincolnwood, Illinois. National Textbook Company. Walker, Galal. 1989. “The Less Commonly Taught Languages in the Context of American Pedagogy.” Helen Lepke ed. Shaping the Future: Challenges and Opportunities. Middlebury: Northeast Conference. Walker, Galal. 2000. Performed Culture: Learning to Participate in Another Culture. in Richard D. Lambert and Elana Shohamy (eds), Language Policy and pedagogy, John Benjamins: Philadelphia. Walker, Galal and Scott McGinnis. 1995. Learning Less Commonly Taught Languages: An Agreement on the Bases for the Training of Teachers. Columbus, OH: OSU Foreign Language Publications.
Abstract-6 Teaching Sound Symbolism in Korean Classes Young-mee Yu Cho Rutgers
University English does not manifest a systematic pattern of sound symbolism. Sound symbolism in a language, however, often goes beyond the onomatopoetic and extends to words that denote subjective impressions of smell, taste, color, size, mood, movement, shape and other perceptual and psychological experiences, and even to what Martin calls, “the looks, or the feel of a situation’ (Martin 1992, 340). Korean, along with Japanese, has one of the most extensive systems of sound-symbolism, also known as the mimetic vocabulary. The mimetic vocabulary of Korean consists of several thousand sound-imitating (UUisOngO’) and manner-symbolic (‘Uit’aeO’) words. Sound-imitating words are more obvious than manner-symbolic words, but there are examples of the latter category in English as well. The word, ‘twinkle twinkle’ is not a sound-imitating word, but it expresses a way light shines. The Korean mimetic vocabulary is remarkable not only in its quantity but also in the way in which it occupies the integral part of the grammar. One of the most prominent features of the Korean language is the relationship between mimetic words in terms of various word-formation. In particular, the changes in consonants and vowels are systematically related to meaning differences. Three types will be discussed here: 1) changes of initial consonants (ping, pping, and p’ing), 2) changes of vowels (hoho and haha), and finally 3) the meanings associated with the final consonant (ping vs. pik). The use of sound symbolism, especially in poetry and songs is extremely common and effective. Once we understand Sound Symbolism as an essential characteristic of the Korean language, the logical next step would be searching for effective ways to teach the concept and its uses in language, literature or culture classes. Several concrete exercises will be shown that explore the arbitrariness of sound symbolism across languages, the universal vs. language-particular dimensions of mimetics and the indispensable role it plays in Korean poetry and songs. Abstract-7 Ann Y. Choi Rutgers
University There are sound reasons for incorporating Korean literature into a college or university language curriculum: it allows the students to appreciate the fact that the language they are learning can be used creatively for supracommunication purposes; it can also be a breath of fresh air to liven up the straight regimen of building grammar, vocabulary, and dialogue memorization. It also provides a natural opportunity for discussions in classes often focusing on drills. For the students it becomes reading for both comprehension and enjoyment of their own faculty to enjoy the language in unexpected ways. The difficulty of introducing Korean literature into a language classroom appears to stem from the difficulty of the students, especially at the elementary and the intermediate level, to grasp the complexities within a given literary work which may not be commensurate with their experience in the language learning process. Even with the aid of the instructor’s careful selection or subtitles, the various aspects of culture and history manifested by a given poem, story, or film can intimidate or bore the unprepared student, disengaging him/her from a possibly valuable experience. Of course, there are also the independent variables, such as different levels of literariness the students come to class with as well as their differing levels of exposure to literature in general. So how can the instructor, who need not be a literature specialist, intervene to make the connection between literary text and language student possible? My paper begins with some examples of mock failures (much of it drawn from actual in-class experiences) to point out how good intentions do not necessarily yield good results, making cases for each of the three genres: poetry, fiction, and film. Then, suggestions as to how the undesirable outcome, again, boredom and/or intimidation, can be avoided by cushioning the literary lesson via thoughtful attention to connecting the text to the student will be made. These prescriptions will bring to light some of the questions the instructor is likely to raise: at which level to introduce what type of literary work, what can be assumed and not be assumed about the students’ ability to receive these works, and how to give room for the students to come to their own interpretations of the works without overintervention on the part of the instructor eager for the student to “get” the work. Because literature does not demand a single correct answer, this last question will provoke resolutions which might contrast from methods used to teach grammar, vocabulary or spelling. The final part of the paper will focus on teaching literature at advanced levels of language. This will be a way of thinking about my own preparation for teaching a fourth year language course which will incorporate much literature. This is a scenario which would offer a great modicum of freedom to choose a variety of works; how to organize such a class without a formal textbook will be the center issue and questions such as the degree of grammar to be taught and how to apportion writing, reading, and speaking at the upper levels will be addressed. This type of course would be a bridge between language and literature courses; the paper will end with the window into the question on how one might design literature courses in the original, as language instructors are often asked to teach other types of courses. Abstract-8 Colonial
Censorship and Teaching of Modern Korean Literary Texts The
University of Chicago Abstract-9 Reflective
Journal Writing in the Korean II Class Hye
Young Chung University
of Southern California Language
teaching is consisted of four sections: listening, reading, speaking, and
writing. However, writing is often less emphasized especially for lower
level students, due to the fact that students are not comfortable to write
in Korean yet, or an instructor is not confident to evaluate beginner
students’ writings in Korean. With
the use of journal writing, students can relate personal experiences to
the Korean class, react and interpret, and record their thoughts and
information in Korean. Students mostly write about events in their own
lives and other topics of special interest in the journals, and they write
to share with the teacher or classmates. Teachers respond as interested
readers, often asking questions and offering comments about their
writings. Those comments range from the correction of grammatical points
to the interaction or reflection of students’ writings, based on the
instructor’s emphasis of the class. While
I taught Korean II class at Univ. of Southern California about for five
years, I have used the reflective journal writing for three semesters.
Students turned in their journals written in Korean on a weekly basis, and
I commented on students’ writings each time in Korean throughout the
semester. Students could write on topic related to textbook materials or
personal interests. Students showed difficulty in writing and seemed
uncomfortable at first because they had never been asked to write in
Korean before. However, students felt more comfortable as time passed and
enjoyed their accomplishment in Korean. The
interactive and reflective journal writing helps to improve beginner
students’ writing competency in Korean, and to enhance positive attitude
and confidence toward writing in Korean. It also helps for an instructor
to understand the areas that students need improvement in. In addition,
the journal writing helps to build a bond between a student and a teacher
in class. In this paper, I will present 10 practical guidelines for an instructor who intends to implement and evaluate students’ writing in Korean (e.g., Do not correct all mistakes but limit to 3-5 grammatical aspects at a time; Make the writing task meaningful to students; and Be aware of various language skills: structure skills, spelling and punctuation skills, language skills, etc.). I will also give some considerations to practice the journal writing in class (e.g., The time it takes for an instructor to respond to a student’s writing; and Evaluation criteria: checklist, scoring rubric, score, or just comments?). Through this presentation with real students’ writing samples, instructors who want to integrate the reflective journal wiring to their lower level Korean classes will have an overall view of journal writing, expectations, and practical considerations. Abstract-10 English
speaking students’ Written Language Development in Korean
in
a Korean/English Two-Way Immersion Program Joung
Hoon Ha Defense
Language Institute Foreign Language Center This study
examines the written language development of Korean of English speaking
elementary students in a Korean/English Two-Way bilingual immersion
program. Korean writings from
English-speaking students’ portfolio were analyzed with respect of MLU,
T-unit, and morpheme numbers.
The written language in Korean was assessed with MLU development
and the increase of morpheme numbers. Korean speaking students’ writings
were also collected, analyzed, and assessed in the same way. Korean language development of
English speaking students was compared with that of Korean speaking
students in this program. The
findings show that English-speaking students in this program developed
their Korean language in writing which is comparable to that of Korean
speaking students.
The implications of this study provides further evidence of the support the feasibility of Korean/English two-way immersion program for English speakers as a form of second language education. Abstract-11 Segmented
Assimilation and Korean Language Education Jiha
Hwang Harvard
University Since
the late 1980s, the new paradigms, i. e. segmented assimilation,
transnationalism, and second language decline, have been developed in
order to have a more accurate grasp of the essence of racial minority
groups. These new paradigms, in general, lay stress on the importance of
both maintaining ethnic language ability and cultural ethnic solidarity in
order for racial minority groups to be socially and economically
successful in U. S. A.. For language teachers, this stresses how important
it is to integrate cultural factors into language curriculum, as cultural
attachment to one's own racial group as well as linguistic attachment is
crucial for the members of racial minority group to maintain ethnic
solidarity. Also, culture is acquired, socially transmitted, and
communicated in large part by language after all.
In the case of Korean Americans, however, several recent studies
show that the idea of assimilation and acculturation, which are no longer
paradigms explaining the characteristics of
racial minority groups, is still dominant idea in the mindset of Korean
American, and, in general, they tend to have negative attitudes toward
Korean culture and society. This actually creates a relatively inactive
Korean language learning environment and results in the marginalization of
learning Korean language as merely a utilitarian medium Moreover,
cultural factors which are vital to learning and understanding Korean are
often omitted from language instruction.
This paper which analyzes and interprets the data concerning ethnic
language backgrounds and the ethnic language learning experiences of 63
Korean-American Harvard university students closely examines the degree of
linguistic and cultural attachment of Korean Americans, and how well or
poorly the existing textbooks integrate culture into their language
instruction. As for the conclusion, this paper proposes some ideas and
examples of how to integrate cultural factors into the language
curriculum, and also suggests the way how we may improve Korean Americans'
general conception and attitude toward Korean language and culture.
Segmented
Assimilation and Korean Language Education [Synopsis]
The
Myth of Assimilation ▶ Belonging
to neither culture (Gardner and Lambert, 1972)
▶ Asian
Americans: A Model Minority (Newsweek, 12/06/1982)
▶ Newsweek
notes that Asian Americans are often worried that they may be
regarded as forever foreign.
(Nakayama, 1989) ▶ Asian-Americans
are still treated as illegitimate Americans…….(Chin,1994)
▶ Assimilation
was for “white only"; for racially excluded groups and “colonized"
minorities, it was fundamentally impossible.
New
Paradigm - Segmented Assimilation ▶ Transnationalism:
They[ethnic minorities].are increasingly active politically, socially,
and economically in two or more societies at the same time.(Joel
Perlmann,1988) ▶ Segmented
Assimilation: [T]he children of immigrants will refuse to “become
American" and stay tied
to their parents' ethnic community. This might lead
to better economic outcomes, but less assimilation.
(Gans, 1992) ▶ These
sense of a common Asian cultural background was explicitly
constructed in opposition to white dominant US culture. In
other words, the second generation worked to create the
boundaries of 'Asian-ness' by distinguishing it from that of a
homogeneously conceived whit 'mainstream' US
culture.(Kibria, 1997)
Linguistic
and Cultural Attachment of Korean Americans to their own ethnic
group ▶ Assimilation
and acculturation still dominates over
transnationalism
▶ General
conception about Korean Culture by Korean American
Closed
vs. Opened / Hierarchical vs. egalitarian (Hwang, 1998)
Low level of cultural ethnic attachment (Hong and Min, 1999)
▶ Increasing
criticism on Korean, Korean Society, and Korean people
▶ Quantitative
analysis of the data which were elicited from 64 Harvard University
students through questionnaire concerning ethic language use, ethnic
language experience, and the reasons for taking Korean Helping
Salmons to return - Language and Culture Integration
▶
Factors affecting the level of biculturalism are similar to the ones
of language maintenance and language shift (cf. Schumann,1978)
▶ Changing
‘Language-first, culture-later’ approach
Culture
is acquired, socially transmitted, and communicated in large part by
language.(Grosjean, 1982)
Culture as the best in human life / culture as everything in
human life (Brooks,1975) ▶
Diversifying Instructional strategies
Not teaching but Exposing learners to their heritage language and
culture ▶ Cross-cultural
and comparative perspective upon Korean Culture
▶
Cultural difference instead of cultural Ethnic
superiority ▶ Culture
as the best vs. culture as everything in human life (Brooks,1975)
▶
How to integrate language and culture into curriculum Design
▶ Workshops for Korean teachers and parent
Abstract-12 The Degree of L1
Interference among Heritage and Non-heritage Learners of Korean: Do
Heritage Students Have Advantages over Non-heritage Students? Jung-Tae Kim Washington
University E-mail: jkim@artsci.wustl.edu One of the general beliefs among teachers and students in Korean language classes is that heritage students usually have advantages over non-heritage students in the target language learning. However, few studies have been conducted to confirm or disconfirm this belief with respect to different aspects of the language and different factors that affect language learning. The present study compared the degree of negative L1 transfer shown by the heritage learners of Korean with those shown by the non-heritage learners of Korean to find out whether the heritage learners have advantages over non-heritage learners in overcoming the interference from their first language (English). Two grammar structures were selected in order to see the possible transfer effects from L1 English to L2 Korean -- the null-subject and wh-in-situ constructions: subject pronouns are usually dropped in Korean whenever they are recoverable from the context while the overt sentence subject is an obligatory part of the sentence in English (null subject parameter); a wh-phrase remains in-situ position in Korean wh-questions while it undergoes the obligatory overt wh-movement to the sentence initial position in English wh-questions (wh-movement parameter). Five heritage students and four non-heritage students in the first-year Korean language class at Washington University in St. Louis participated in various written-production tasks designed to elicit wh-questions and declarative sentences for which use of the null-subject are appropriate. The results showed that 1) both heritage and non-heritage students used null subject sentences at a very high rate in their Korean production (79% overall); 2) there was no significant difference between the two groups' production of null-subject sentences; 3) both groups predominantly employed the wh-in-situ pattern (S-Wh-V pattern) in their production of Korean wh-questions (71% overall) and; 4) there was a no significant difference between the two group's production of wh-in-situ pattern. These results were taken to suggest that heritage students are not advantaged over non-heritage students in regard to overcoming L1 interference in the acquisition of Korean null subject and wh-in-situ constructions. Abstract-13 The Multimedia
Approach to Language Learning – Past, Present, and Future Mary Kim Foreign Service
Institute The author will
discuss her experiences in designing and applying multimedia technology to
the teaching of the Korean language since the early 1980’s. She will give an overview of the
evolution of multimedia environments and design considerations for the
enhancement of language learning.
More specifically, she will illustrate the major design features of
her interactive video program she developed for the Defense Department in
a joint effort with Brigham Young University. She will also illustrate how an
online design tool, called the Instructional Design Environment, a
software developed by the Xerox Palo Alto Research Center, is essential
for rationalizing and documenting design decisions and facilitating team
work and future course revision, modification, or reproduction. She will discuss the current Korean language curriculum being offered at the Foreign Service Institute, U.S. Department of State, where she supervises the Korean and Japanese language programs. An effort is currently underway for providing the Basic Korean Course with multimedia capabilities online for distance learning. The course contents and representative lesson activities for developing the speaking, listening, and reading proficiency will be illustrated. Abstract-14 Implementation and Evaluation of an Approach to Task-based Korean Language Teaching Youngkyu Kim, Dong-Kwan Kong, Jin-Hwa Lee and Younggeun Lee National Foreign Language Resource Center, University of Hawaii at Manoa This paper describes a result, obtained from multiple sources (e.g., students, teachers and researchers) by multiple data collection methods (questionnaires, unstructured interviews, class observations and conferences among researchers), of an implementation of a task-based approach to teaching Korean as a foreign language at a United States tertiary Korean language program, conducted by the National Foreign Language Resource Center (NFLRC) at the University of Hawaii at Manoa (UHM). Task-based language teaching (TBLT) has been suggested as a viable alternative approach to foreign language program development, ranging from needs analysis to materials design to testing, with its strong support from many years of research into second language acquisition (SLA). Few attempts, however, have been made to implement any TBLT initiative in foreign language classroom and thus to prove its asserted superiority over widespread traditional approaches. This study aims to put TBLT proposals into practice and evaluate them empirically. After briefly explaining what TBLT is and what the relationship between TBLT and SLA is, this paper describes an on-going Korean TBLT project at UHM, first implemented in Korean language teaching, touching upon such phases in TBLT program development as needs analysis, identification of target tasks and target task types, conversion of target tasks types into pedagogic tasks, design of TBLT materials, classroom implementation and evaluation and focusing in particular on evaluation of the two TBLT modules (i.e., Following Directions and Shopping for Clothes). This paper emphasizes the importance of (a) identification of learners’ needs using multiple methods and multiple sources, (b) matching learners’ needs with Korean language teaching programs developed to meet such needs, and (c) developing Korean language teaching materials to better serve this purpose. This paper provides a concrete model of this endeavor with wide applicability to tertiary-level Korean language programs for English-speaking Korean language learners. Abstract-15 Using
HyperStudio for Teaching Korean
Eun-Hee Koo Hope International
University The HyperStudio
is an educational software for developing an integrative project of
learning activities which will help students’ independence, organization
skills, interest and motivation, incorporate computer technology and
different individual learning styles. The presenter will analyze and discuss the rationales and purposes of using the HyperStudio project to address integration of technology into instruction. The presentation will also include introduction of the basic components of an electric HyperStudio stack. Instruction of how to create each of the components will be demonstrated. The purpose of
this workshop is to demonstrate the example projects that have been
created by the presenter, and present how to use HyperStudio for
developing four language skills (listening, speaking, reading and
writing).
At the end of this workshop, the participants will be able tounderstand the basic function of HyperStudio, and develop their own project using HyperStudio. Abstract-16 Recent Trends in Foreign Language Teaching in America: Focus on the Minority Language Policy Dong Jae Lee University of Hawaii … This imperative envisions a
future in which ALL students will develop and maintain proficiency in
English and at least one other language, modern or classical. Children
who come to school from non-English-speaking backgrounds should also have
opportunities to develop further proficiencies in their first language
(emphasis added). The scarcity of proficient bilingual speakers is taken
up as a matter of national security and it is well documented by the
National Security Education Program, which states in its overview of their
new project (2000): Some 80 federal agencies and
offices involved in areas related to U.S. national security rely
increasingly on human resources with high levels of language competency
and international knowledge and experience. Finding these resources, and
in particu1ar finding candidates for employment as professionals in the US
Government, has proven increasingly difficult, and many agencies now
report shortfalls in hiring, deficits in readiness, and adverse impacts on
operations. The NSEP targets the heritage learners as the most
promising candidates: There are a number of student
populations, both undergraduate and graduate, that would enroll in
flagship programs. A critical
constituency of each student population is the heritage learner
(emphasis original). Heritage learners are not only not shown discrimination
against but are solicited for their contribution in this nationally
critical area. References Lee,
D. J. 1989. Review of Papers on Minority Language Policies in China,
Japan, and USA. Invited paper at Globalization of Korean Culture: 6th
Annual Conference on Koreans Abroad. Hong Kong. ____(Editor
in Chief). 2000. Studies on Korean in
Community Schools. Second Language Teaching
and Curriculum Center. Univ. of Hawaii. Mora, J. K. 2000
Legal History of Bilingual Education.
ttp://coe.sdsu.edu/people/jmora/Pages/HistoryBE. National
Security Education Program. October 2000. National Flagship Language
Initiative. Schemo,
Diana. 2001. Washington Cites Shortage of Linguists for Key Security Jobs.
The New York Times. April 16, 2001. Snow, C. and Hakuta K. 1992. The cost of monolingualism. In J. Crawford (ed.) Language Loyalties: A Source Book on the Official English Controversy (pp.384-94). Chicago: The University of Chicago Press.
Abstract-17 AN ANALYSIS OF SPEAKING PRACTICE IN
KOREAN SANG-IL LEE Defense Language
Institute, Foreign Language Center E-mail:
lees2@pom-emh1.army.mil The purpose of this paper is to analyze the speaking performance of a group of American students attending the Defense Language Institute (DLI) during the months of August and September of 2000. Students enrolled in the DLI Korean Basic course receive 63 weeks of instruction, to include six instructional hours per day, five days a week. The students I analyzed were between their 53rd and 59th week of instruction, therefore they had received approximately 1350 hours of instruction. The speaking practice was
done mainly in conjunction with students’ Defense Language Proficiency
Test (DLPT), taken before graduation. The assumed level of proficiency for
students at this stage of schooling is 1+ (Intermediate High by ACTFL
scale), and in some cases higher. Topics I chose, therefore, were in
accordance with their level.
Even though it was practice, I employed standard Oral Proficiency
Interview (OPI) format: a warm-up, level check, probe, and wind-down. The
practice usually lasted about 20 minutes and with the students’ consent, I
recorded our conversation and transcribed it later for my own
benefit. Interagency Language
Roundtable (ILR) Speaking Skill Level Descriptions are the rating criteria
for the OPI. They describe
what a person with a given level of proficiency can and cannot do. The descriptions are by no means
exhaustive, but rather a holistic nature. What I have attempted to do in
this paper is view students’ performance in the light of the ILR
descriptions. Furthermore, my ultimate goal is to contribute data in the pedagogical, curriculum, and assessment fields by means of my findings. Abstract-18 Steven Lee and Ruth Ahn California State University, Dominguez Hills
Abstract-19 Relative
clauses in KFL learners’ writing Sunyoung Lee University of Hawaii at Manoa This paper investigates KFL (Korean as a foreign language) learners’ acquisition of Korean relative clauses based on free writing composition data. The acquisition order of relative clauses has been studied in SLA especially related to Keenan and Comrie’s (1977) accessibility hierarchy of relativization (i.e. S > O > I.O. etc.). However, after considering the grammatical position of the noun that a relative clause modifies, Wolfe-Quintero (1998) proposed a two-tier analysis of acquisition order based on ESL (English as a second language) learners’ English composition data. She argues that the O-tier (i. e. relative clauses modifying the object of the main clauses) is relatively easier to acquire than the S-tier (i.e. relative clauses modifying the subject of the main clauses) (i.e. OS> OO/SS > SO etc.). This paper explores the question whether the accessibility hierarchies of relative clauses based on ESL learners’ English data also conform to the KFL learners’ Korean data. Free composition data were collected from 26 English-speaking learners of Korean and 14 native speakers of Korean for this study. First, it was found that both KFL learners and native speakers produced subject relative clauses much more than object relative clauses, confirming the prediction of Keenan and Comrie’s hierarchy. Second, however, both learners and native speakers produced SS and SO patterns (i.e. S-tier) more than OS and OO patterns (i.e. O-tier), contrary to Wolfe-Quintero’s accessibility hierarchy. Third, moreover, when the object of the main clause was modified by relative clause (i.e. O-tier), it was found that the subject of the main clause was likely to be dropped. The differences
between Korean and English data is explained by processing theory. In left branching languages like
Korean, left-branching structures (e.g. S-tier) are easier to process than
the right-branching structure (e.g. O-tier). Kuno (1974) also proposes a
similar idea that relative clauses tend to appear at the beginning of a
sentence in head final languages whereas they tend to appear at the end of
a sentence in head initial languages. In conclusion, Wolfe-Quintero’s
accessibility hierarchy of relative clauses based on English data cannot
predict KFL learner’s acquisition of Korean relative clause. ReferencesKeenan, E.L., &
Comrie, B. 1977. Noun phrase accessibility and universal grammar. Linguistic
Inquiry. 8 (1): 63-99. Kuno, S. 1974. The
position of relative clauses and conjunctions. Linguistic Inquiry 5 (1): 117-136. Wolfe-Quintero, K.
(1998). Relative clause
hierarchies and second language writing. Paper presented at the American Association for Applied Linguistics Colloquium: Research on Second Language Writing, Seattle, WA. Abstract-20 effects of task
complexity on l2 production Young-Geun
Lee University of Hawaii at Manoa Identification of
objective criteria for sequencing pedagogic tasks and of parameters or
dimensions of task complexity and difficulty is essential in implementing
task-based language teaching. One line of research has been to identify
cognitive dimensions of the difficulty of tasks, and to assess the effects
on measures of learner language of tasks performed at easy and complex
ends of each dimension (Robinson, 1998, 2001) This study attempts to
address the question of whether differing degrees of task complexity
affect the accuracy and complexity of L2 oral production, and if yes, how
different would accuracy and complexity be. It is an expanded follow-up
study to Lee (2000), which examined effects of differential task
complexity in terms of the dimensions of contextualization and competing
task demands on KFL learners’ production on two versions of the narrative
and the map tasks, respectively. In the present study,
the participants were asked to do two tasks, i.e., giving directions on
the map task followed by the picture description task. The participants in
the study were three KFL learners who were enrolled in advanced KFL course
an American university. For the
map task, the participants were asked to give directions from Point A to
Point B, marked on the map of an area of Seoul. The same map was used for
all three versions, i.e., simple, complex, and
very complex, of
the task, but they differed in terms of the distance between two points,
the number of left/right turns, the presence of the buildings which could
be used as a reference, presence of the need to cross the road, etc. On
the other hand, for the picture
description task, the participants were presented with three folders each
containing four photographs showing the consecutive events leading up to a
road accident involving model cars. They were then asked to describe how
the accident happened. The three versions, i.e., simple, complex, and very
complex, of the car crash task differ from each other in terms of the
number and types of cars, the number of pedestrians, the road conditions,
and the moving directions of cars. The
sequences of the three versions of each task were counterbalanced to
control for possible sequencing effects. Participant production
was tape-recorded and transcribed. Data were coded by the researcher for
eight different measures, i.e., the four accuracy and four complexity
measures. Due
to the small number of participants (N=3), statistical analysis using,
e.g., a repeated measures MANOVA, can not be done. The results show that
differing
degrees of task complexity did affect the complexity of oral production,
but the differences were more clearly shown in the car crash task than in
the map task. Implications of the findings for task-based syllabus design
and further research are also discussed.
Lee,
Y.-G. (2000). Effects of degrees of task complexity on L2 production. In
S. Kang (Ed.), Korean Language in America 5.
Monterey, CA: The American Association of Teachers of Korean. Robinson,
P. (1998). State of the art: SLA theory and second language syllabus
design. The Language Teacher, 22(4), 7-14. Robinson, P. (2001). Task complexity, task difficulty and task production: Exploring interactions in a componential framework. Applied Linguistics, 22(1).
Abstract-21 Error Analysis
in Relation to Typological Differences Bo Y. Park Defense Language
Institute Foreign Language Center The presenter
will explain the parametric differences between the right-branching
languages such as English and the left-branching languages such as Korean.
He will provide several English and Korean sentences as examples. Then, the presenter will analyze the
parametric-differences-related errors frequently made by the native
speakers of English who are learning Korean when they make complex and
comparative sentences. In analyzing the complex sentences that have past,
present, and future attributive forms, the presenter will demonstrate the
actual errors made by the American learners of Korean. He will also
demonstrate specific errors that the American students learning Korean
make when they produce complex sentences that have parts equivalent to
English subordinate conjunctions such as “if,” “because,” “before,” “after,” and “until.” He will also display the American
learners’ errors related to the parametric differences when they make
comparative sentences. After this, he will explain why they make such
errors, comparing Korean and English grammar. Next, the presenter will exhibit how to prevent the above-mentioned errors with three exercises made from authentic Korean materials (Korean newspaper and magazine Articles.) The first exercise is to ask students to
mark the parts that are equivalent to “than”, ‘if’, and “until,” and also
mark present attributive forms of verbs. The second exercise is to ask
students to mark the parts that are equivalent to “because,” “after,” and “before,” and to mark
past and future attributive forms of verbs. The third exercise is a
four-skills-integrated exercise for internalizing the use of the present
attributive form of a verb, a subordinate conjunction, “if,” and the
preposition, “than.” The presenter will state why such exercises are
necessary for the students. While using transparencies and
flipcharts, the presenter will conduct this session, facilitating interaction between the presenter and the participants. The participants will be aware of the implications of the parametric differences in foreign language teaching. They will also be able to gain a hands-on knowledge on how to deal with these differences when teaching Korean.
Abstract-22
“Exploring the possibilities of web-based tests (WBTs) for the Korean language, primarily for operational testing purposes.” Siwon Park University of Hawai’i
at Manoa The current paper is to explore the possibilities of web-based tests (WBTs) for the Korean language, primarily for operational testing purposes (self-assessment, curriculum-based achievement, and placement assessments). Web-based tests (WBTs) are delivered via the Internet, therefore, they increase the flexibility and accessibility to test-takers and also allow test administrators to provide the test-takers with immediate scoring and detailed performance feedbacks, while keeping the cost low. The significance of the WBTs appears to be evident in two aspects: its contributions to the field of language testing and active adaptation of technology into language teaching and testing in general. In the first portion of this paper, theoretical and technical concerns are shown regarding the use of WBTs within a Korean language program. First, following a brief introduction to WBTs, the advantages and the disadvantages of the WBTs over other types of testing methods are examined. Second, three different types of WBTs – self-assessment, curriculum-based achievement (mid-term and final based), and placement assessments – are introduced with examples. This portion also includes relevant theoretical concerns to the three testing methods and purposes, and how WBTs can contribute to realizing the purposes. The second portion of the paper discusses a WBT project conducted within a Korean program at a university in the U.S. First, a brief background of the project is given. Following the introduction, the researcher presents an actual prototype WBT platform developed through the project. This section also describes the students and teachers reactions to the WBTs administered in that program. Since paper and pencil format tests, in addition to WBTs, were given to the students, their preference and reasons were also examined and reported. The last part of the second portion is devoted to examining problems related to the test platforms, availability of the different types of WBT items, issues of the Korean font, and so forth. The current paper concludes with the future directions and the possible contributions of the WBTs to language assessment for less commonly taught languages, such as Korean in the U.S. Abstract-23 Communication and Discourse Strategies Used by Intermediate Learners of Korean Hye-Sook Wang Brown University This paper aims to examine communication strategies and discourse (politeness) markers used by the learners of Korean at the intermediate level. Five 30-minute conversations made by five groups of learners will be analyzed. Communication strategies will be analyzed according to Faerch and Kasper’s (1983) paradigm and discourse markers will be analyzed according to Holm’s (1995) paradigm. Each group consists of four learners (both same sex and mixed sex) and they discussed a topic assigned by the investigator for 30 minutes. While much research has been conducted on the grammatical aspects of learning Korean as a second or foreign language, studies on communicative or socio-pragmatic aspects are still scarce perhaps due to the traditional emphasis on grammar. When learners reach a certain level of proficiency in linguistic competence, they should be able to attain the same level of communicative competence as well. However, we teachers frequently observe that learners are more likely to opt out for an easy way out when there is a communication gap caused by lack of vocabulary or expressions, rather than employing proper communication strategies. Even learners who are quite fluent in the language struggle in such situations because they either are not aware of such options of utilizing strategies or they are not trained how to use them. Similarly, learners often unintentionally offend their interlocutors by sounding impolite simply because they are unable to use politeness markers appropriately when they are required. It is important to teach learners how they can cope with stumbling blocks in communication. Research on these issues will help us to better understand not only the difficulties that learners deal with but also what teachers can do about them. Abstract-24 Heritage and
non-heritage students instructional issues Clare You University of California, Berkeley I will discuss three parts of those issues: 1. Structure of the program - One track or two-track program? The rationale
behind each program. 2. Pedagogical issues - How to identify the needs of multi-level students. What kinds of placement and testing are needed. What materials should be used for a multi-level class. How students are grouped. 3. Language specific problems What are the needs of Korean-American students in learning Korean? What to do when a two-track system is not available? What would be the benefits for the heritage and non-heritage students to be in one room?
Abstract-25 Korean Language Education in New
York Public Schools Bongsoon Yow Flushing High
School diploma Abstract-26 Socio-pragmatic functions of the Korean sentence ender –ney from the politeness perspective. Soo-ah Kim Yuen Language Arts and Science Dept. University of Hawaii Kapiolani Community College This paper is to synchronically investigate the socio-pragmatic functions of Korean sentence ender -ney as it is used in various interactive social contexts. The sentence ender -ney essentially denotes an exclamatory self-addressed statement resulting from the speaker’s spontaneous discovery of an event, which may contradict his expectation or simply be a surprise. The self-addressed monologue sentence ender -ney in contemporary Korean conversation has evolved into an interactive function, while keeping it original function. The –ney is the second most frequently used sentence ender (euqal in frequency with –telakwu) in contemporary conversation. According to investigation, sentence ender -ney displays diverse interactive functions across a wide range of social context. The study reveals that the sentence ender -ney is used as a discourse strategic device to mitigate illocutionary force. And the –ney also reflects the speaker’s socio-cultural knowledge within the set of behavioral norms determined by Korean social customs. This study sheds light on Korean women’s converational style when engaging in refusal/denial of an offer. This paper also assesses –ney’s intonation contour to
determine its function. In order to explicate the function of sentence ender -ney, the interactional sociolinguistic approach and Brown and Levinson’s politeness theory are used as analytical frameworks.
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